DENTAL & COSMETIC PREPARATIONS: Anti-perspirant & Deodorant

ANTI-PERSPIRANT & DEODORANT

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A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odour caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odour as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.

Antiperspirants are typically applied to the under arms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the food and drug administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs. 

TYPES OF ANTIPERSPIRANT-

1.Aerosol 

2.Sticks 

3.Cream

IDEAL PROPERTIES

• It should not be irritant to the skin. 

• It should not deteriorate clothing. 

• It should be safe and nontoxic. 

• Easy to use and adhere well on skin. 

• Mask body odour with perfume. 

• Absorb perspiration or inhibit the activity of gram+ ve bacteria , which cause body malodour.

FORMULATION

• Aluminum salts (aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, and others) – used as the basis for almost all non-prescription (everyday) antiperspirants. The aluminium reacts within the sweat gland to form a colloid which physically prevents sweating.
• Alum (typically potassium alum or ammonia alum, also described as "rock alum", or "rock crystal", or "natural deodorant"). Alum is a natural crystalline product widely used both historically and in modern times as a deodorant, because it inhibits bacterial action. The word 'alum' is a historical term for aluminum sulfate salts, therefore all alum products will contain aluminum.
• Bactericidal products such as triclosan and parabens kill bacteria on the skin.
• Alcohols and related compounds such as propylene glycol – these products can have both drying and bactericidal effects.
• Methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine, also known as hexamine or urotropin) is a powerful antiperspirant, often used for severe sweat-related issues, as well as prevention of sweating within the sockets of prosthetic devices used by amputees. 
• Acidifers and pH neutral products – deodorants that prevent bacterial action by enhancing (or at least, not depleting) the skin's natural slight acidity, known as the acid mantle, which naturally reduces bacterial action but can be compromised by typically alkaline soaps and skin products.
• Masking scents – other strong or overriding scents of a pleasing type may be used, used to mask bodily odours. Typically these are strongly smelling plant extracts or synthetic aromas.
• Activated charcoal and other products capable of adsorbing sweat and/or smell. Although charcoal most often has a black colour, the activated charcoal used in deodorants may be a very light colour for aesthetic reasons.
• Less commonly used, products such as Milk of Magnesia (a thick liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide) are sometimes used as deodorants.